Definitions
Human Trafficking
Human Trafficking is also known as the modern-day-slave-trade.
Elements are:
- The recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harbouring or receipt of persons;
- Control of persons by means of threat or use of force,
coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or
vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits;
- Exploitation, which includes (at a minimum) exploiting
the prostitution of others, other forms of sexual exploitation,
forced labour or services, slavery or similar practices,
and the removal of organs.
(UNODC (2006) Trafficking in Persons Global Patterns
p52)
Human trafficking involves moving someone into slavery or
slavery-like conditions.
Victims often go willingly with their traffickers because
they are being deceived about the nature and conditions of
the work.
Trafficking is a global phenomenon and nearly every country
is a source, transit or destination (or combination of these
three) for trafficked persons.
South Asian and African boys trafficked ascamel jockeys,
Eastern European women trafficked into sex work, and Chinese
women trafficked into garment factories in Saipan are just
a few examples of the many industries into which vulnerable
workers can be trafficked.
Slavery
Slavery (Chattel Slavery) is the status
or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers
attaching to the right of ownership are exercised.
Or, in its narrowest sense, the word "slave" refers
to people who are treated as the property of another person,
household, company, corporation or government.
Slaves are held against their will from the time of their
capture, purchase, or birth, and are deprived of the right
to leave, to refuse to work, or to receive compensation (such
as wages) in return for their labour.
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Exploitation
Exploitation - The term "exploitation"
may carry two distinct meanings:
- The act of utilizing something for any purpose. In this
case, exploit is a synonym for use.
- The act of utilizing something in an unjust or cruel
manner. It includes forcing people into prostitution or
other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services,
slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the
removal of organs.
For children, exploitation may also include forced prostitution,
illicit international adoption, trafficking for early marriage,
or recruitment as child soldiers, beggars, for sports (such
as child camel jockeys or football players), or for religious
cults.
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Coercion
Coercion (co-er-shion) is the practice of
compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary
way (whether through action or inaction) by use of threats,
intimidation or some other form of pressure or force.
These are used as leverage, to force the victim to act in
the desired way. Coercion may involve the actual infliction
of physical pain/injury or psychological harm in order to
enhance the credibility of a threat.
The threat of further harm may then lead to the cooperation
or obedience of the person being coerced. Torture is one of
the most extreme examples of coercion i.e. severe pain is
inflicted on victims until they give interrogators the desired
information.
The term is often associated with circumstances which involve
the unethical use of threats or harm to achieve some objective.
Coercion may also serve as a form of justification for a conclusion
in a logical fallacy or non-logical argument.
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Debt bondage
Debt Bondage (Bonded Labour) is the status
or condition that arises when a pledge of services is given
as security for a debt, but the length and nature of such
services are not limited and/or defined, and their value is
not applied to the liquidation of the debt. The debtor may
give his/her personal services or of those of a person under
his/her control as security for the debt.
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Forced Labor
Forced Labour is all work or service which
is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty,
and for which the said person has not offered him/herself
voluntarily.
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People Smuggling
People Smuggling is the procurement, in
order to directly or indirectly obtain a financial or other
material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a
country of which the person is not a national or a permanent
resident.
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Transnationality
Transnationality: Smuggling is
always transnational. Trafficking in persons may
not be. Human trafficking can occur regardless of whether
victims are taken to another country or only moved from one
place to another within the same country. (UNODC (2006) Trafficking
in Persons Global Patterns p52)
Differences between human trafficking and smuggling
of migrants:
Consent: The smuggling of migrants, while often
undertaken in dangerous or degrading conditions, involves
migrants who have consented to the smuggling.
Trafficking victims have either never consented or,
if they initially consented, that consent has been rendered
meaningless by the coercive, deceptive or abusive actions
of the traffickers.
Exploitation: Smuggling ends with the migrants' arrival at
their destination.
Trafficking in persons involves the ongoing exploitation
of the victims in some manner to generate illicit profits
for the traffickers.
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Sexual Exploitation
Sexual Exploitation is the result of a situation
where a participant is forced into sexual servitude.
The trafficking protocol intentionally does not define the
phrase "exploitation of prostitution of others or other
forms of sexual exploitation" because governments could
not agree on a common meaning.
All delegates agreed that sexual servitude was trafficking.(Global
Alliance Against Trafficking in Women www.gaatw.net viewed
21 January 2008)
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